Deep water culture (DWC) 

Deep Water Culture or DWC is a modern variant of one of the oldest forms of hydroponics or aquaponics. It involves growing floating plants above water rich in nutrients and oxygen . 

• The main feature of the raft system is its floating raft beds. These rafts, typically made of buoyant materials like expanded polystyrene (EPS), are positioned on the surface of the aquaponic water. Plants are inserted into holes or cups within these rafts, allowing their roots to dangle into the water below.
• The raft system typically operates with a continuous water flow. The nutrient-rich water from the fish tank flows into the raft beds, providing a steady supply of nutrients to the plants.
• Ideal plants for raft systems include those with smaller root systems and those that thrive in water-logging environments. Leafy greens, such as lettuce, kale, and Swiss chard, are commonly grown in raft systems due to their size and ability to efficiently absorb nutrients from the water. Herbs and some fruiting plants can also be cultivated using this method with additional support.